by relying mainly on the accessibility approach to anaphora, this article intends to analyze the types, distributions and retrieval of anaphors in two forms of spoken discourse: casual and controlled talk. for the specific purposes of the study, twenty sophomore iranian students were randomly selected to conduct the talks. the subjects were divided into two groups of casual and controlled talk....

background: self-talk can be described as what people say to themselves either obviously or non-obviously. self-talk has been known as someone talks inside or quietly. as a matter of fact, self-talk is self-communication which can occur in several situations. objective: together the athlete’s perceptions of the self-talk intervention and its relationship to their performance to obtain informati...

results the results showed that compared to the control group, relaxation (23.2) and positive self-talk (21.25) treatment methods alone can reduce pms (p < 0.001). on the other hand, a combined (relaxation + positive self-talk) treatment method (13.75) was more effective in reducing pms compared to relaxation or positive self-talk alone. conclusions it seems that psychological therapy based on ...

How language teachers talk is a key factor in organizing and facilitating learning specifically in language classrooms where the medium of instruction is also the subject matter. This study aimed to examine the extent and ways of teacher talk adaptation to students’ proficiency levels in the Iranian EFL context. Two EFL teachers who were teaching three different proficiency levels were observed...

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the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different methods of self-talk (motivational, instructional, and combined) on acquisition and learning of a motor perceptional task (dart) and physical efficacy in female students aged between 13 and 18. 48 female students (mean age 15.46 yr) who were novice at dart throwing voluntarily participated in this study. participants were d...