The radio spectrum of the IEEE 802.16 medium access control (MAC) protocol ranges from 2 to 66 GHz, which is one of potential solutions for broadband wireless access (BWA) or beyond third generation (B3G)/4G networks. However, with the characteristic of radio propagation, the maximum transmission distance is proportioned inversely to the frequency which the mobile subscriber station (MSS) carri...

In this paper an Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme with Mobile Sink (EECSMS) for Heterogeneous Multilevel Wireless Sensor Networks is proposed. In EECSMS, the cluster-heads (CHs) are elected by a probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network, the sink or base station (BS) moves towards each CH by a distance proportional to that CH’s p...

It is a great challenge for designing a routing protocol that can maximize the network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), due to the limited energy of Sensor Node (SN). As a well-known hierarchical routing protocol in WSN, LEACH protocol could extend the WSN lifetime effectively. It assumes that all nodes can communicate with Base Station (BS) directly. With the expansion of WSN scale, ...

We present B and V photometry of the outlying SMC star cluster BS 196 with the 4.1-m SOAR telescope. The photometry is deep (to V≈25) showing ≈3 mag below the cluster turnoff point (TO) at MV=2.5 (1.03M⊙). The cluster is located at the SMC distance. The colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) and isochrone fittings provide a cluster age of 5.0±0.5Gyr, indicating that this is one of the 12 oldest cluster...

We have performed an ab initio study of B in amorphous Si by analyzing different substitutional(a Si atom in the amorphous cell is replaced by a B atom, Bs) and interstitial-like (a B atom is added into an interstitial space, Bi) configurations. We find substitutional-like B (Bs and Bi that relaxes to four-fold coordination) with negative charge to have the lowest chemical potential at mid-gap,...

C.M. Bouchard, G. Peter Lepage, Christopher Monahan, Heechang Na, and Junko Shigemitsu Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Laboratory of Elementary Particle Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA Physics Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA Department Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt L...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are two challenges that most of researchers deal with. In general, base station (BS) used to retrieve data from sensor nodes is far from the sensor field and how to adjust the communication between nodes...