Undoubtedly, the mental health of the society is effective in the progress and development of the country and an important part of this mental health is due to the trust and confidence of economic activists in their investment. Considering that the realm of important investments is land and immovable property, and if the ownership of these lands is shaky, the whole property and economy system w...

This paper addresses the identifier ownership problem. It does so by using characteristics of Statistic Uniqueness and Cryptographic Verifiability (SUCV) of certain entities which this document calls SUCV Identifiers and Addresses. Their characteristics allow them to severely limit certain classes of denial of service attacks and hijacking attacks. SUCV addresses are particularly applicable to ...

Ownership of science learning is defined as learners being able to fully participate in the practicing culture of science, having greater control and possession over the ideas put forth, knowledge developed, and the science learning process. While ownership is beneficial to promoting science engagement, in this study, we show that conflicts in ownership of science learning manifest and can hind...

Due to growth of Internet and multimedia technologies in today's life, it made easy to copy and distribution of any document without any owner's consent. Watermarking is a process of concealing the digital information in a document for providing the ownership on his/her document. To increase security of ownership of a document and to improve quality of indistinguishable watermarked im...

We examine how firms’ capital structure choices vary with the presence of dual class ownership. We document that, as compared to single class firms, dual class firms have higher leverage, greater propensity to issue private debt, greater reliance on relationship lending, as well as more frequent use of cash sweeps and performance-based covenants. These results are robust across several approach...

We document a significant decrease in the ownership structure of a large number of companies in the UK over the last decade. We find that the increase in firm's size and risk and the decrease in performance explain a large proportion of this change. We also find that the dilution of ownership through new issues rather than sales of stakes to be the main reason for the decrease in management own...

The paper tests the applicability of Whitley’ s business systems framework to the study of international differences in corporate ownership structure. In support of Whitley’ s framework we document the existence of large differences among the largest companies in 12 European nations. Furthermore we find that these differences can be partly attributed to the institutional determinants stressed b...

England has very volatile house prices. Using survey data spanning multiple house-price cycles over nearly forty years, we document the association between house prices and homeownership at age thirty. We then use synthetic cohort methods to assess whether differences in early ownership rates persist in later life. We find that ownership rates at age thirty have varied substantially, with a sig...

This document defines an extension for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) called "RRVS" to provide a method for senders to indicate to receivers a point in time when the ownership of the target mailbox was known to the sender. This can be used to detect changes of mailbox ownership and thus prevent mail from being delivered to the wrong party. This document also defines a header field cal...