In most populations of Solidago altissima, a small proportion of plants have a growth pattern in which the stem bends early in the season so that the apex is pointing downward (i.e., a ‘‘candy-cane’’ stem) then straightens up again later in the season. The majority of plants, however, do not show this pattern. Instead their stems remain erect from emergence through flowering and senescence. It ...

phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of euphorbia erythradenia bioss. (euphorbiaceae), one of iranian endemic euphorbias, with particular attention to triterpene constituents, using methanol solvent extraction was carried out. five known triterpenes, including four cycloartanes and oleanolic acid, were isolated for the first time and identified using nmr and mass techniques. anti hiv...

Compact zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators are proposed for low speed maneuvering, ducking, and station keeping of small underwater vehicles. To this end, optimization of synthetic jets for maximal thrust generation is investigated. Flow field of such jets are initially dominated by vortex ring formation. Pinched-off vortices characterize the extremum impulse accumulated by the leading vortex ri...

Viruses are nano-scale pathogenic particles. Understanding viral attachment is important to understand infectivity, disease transmission, and virus propagation throughout the host. A new simulation technique has been developed to study viral docking behavior Brownian Adhesive Dynamics (BRAD). BRAD couples Brownian motion algorithm with adhesive dynamic models, and incorporates the effect of vir...