Mycoplasma bacteria are virtually ubiquitous in layer chicken flocks, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the species of greatest concern to commercial egg producers. Live M. gallisepticum vaccines were initially approved by the USDA for use in commercial layers in 1988 to help control M. gallisepticum outbreaks. In the present study, 2 trials were conducted to determine the effects of 2 currently ...

Eggs obtained from 46 and 42 weeks old meat (Hybro) and layer (Leghorn) breeders flocks, respectively were used to examine the effects of genetic type of birds and egg size (small, medium and large) on variables of eggshell characteristics and hatchability traits. The variables measured were egg weight (EW), egg surface area (ESA) and eggshell characteristics (shell conductance (EC), per cent s...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of organic acids and the prebiotic fructans on egg production and eggshell quality when added to the layer diet with different levels of calcium and phosphorus. The experiment was carried out on 168 Bovans Brown hens, allocated to 14 groups of 12 replications. Each hen (replication) was kept in an individual cage 40 cm × 40 cm in size. A 2 × 7 fac...

This study was aimed at investigating the bioefficacy of organic compared with inorganic manganese (Mn) for eggshell quality. An amino acid-Mn complex or Mn sulfate monohydrate was used as the organic or inorganic Mn source. A total of six hundred forty-eight 50-wk-old layers (Hy-Line Brown) were divided into 9 groups; each group consisted of 6 replicates with 12 layers each. The feeding trial ...

Three experiments were conducted to develop methods to control the amount of water loss and to evaluate the metabolic effects of water condition in the White Leghorn breeder eggs during incubation. One hundred twenty, 54, and 90 Julia strain White Leghorn breeder eggs were incubated at 37.8 degrees C, 60% RH in experiments 1, 2, and 3. In experiment 1, eggs were drilled with various bore diamet...

The size and orientation of calcium carbonate crystals influence the structure and strength of the eggshells of chickens. In this study, estimates of heritability were found to be high (0.6) for crystal size and moderate (0.3) for crystal orientation. There was a strong positive correlation (0.65) for crystal size and orientation with the thickness of the shell and, in particular, with the thic...

Sanitation of hatching eggs is an important area of research due to the need for an effective, economical, and safe method of egg sanitation. Improved hatching egg sanitation is an important part of an overall pathogen reduction program within integrated poultry operations. This must be accomplished without disturbing the cuticle of the egg, which can decrease hatchability. The ability of ultra...

An efficient and eco-friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of 1,4 disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles using the eggshell-supported-Cu(I) metformin complex as a natural and heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst prepared is characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and ICP techniques. Terminal alkynes were successfully reacted with alkyl chloride and sodium azide in the presence of CuI im...

In this report, the synthesis, characterization, and application of the eggshell-supported-Cu(II) salophen complex, as a novel and heterogeneous catalyst, is described. The catalyst is characterized by the UV, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The eggshell-supported-Cu(II) salophen complex is a versatile, green, inexpensive, and simple catalyst used for the multi-component reactions (MCRs) of ter...

In this report, the synthesis, characterization, and application of the eggshell-supported-Cu(II) salophen complex, as a novel and heterogeneous catalyst, is described. The catalyst is characterized by the UV, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The eggshell-supported-Cu(II) salophen complex is a versatile, green, inexpensive, and simple catalyst used for the multi-component reactions (MCRs) of ter...