mobile ad hoc networks (manets) are composed of mobile stations communicating through wireless links, without any fixed backbone support. in these networks, limited power energy supply, and frequent topology changes caused by node mobility, makes their routing a challenging problem. tora is one of the routing protocols that successfully copes with the nodes’ mobility side effects, but it doesn’...

Due to the increasing use of wireless communications, infrastructure-less networks such as Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) should be highly considered. DTN is most suitable where there is an intermittent connection between communicating nodes such as wireless mobile ad hoc network nodes. In general, a message sending node in DTN copies the message and transmits it to nodes which it encounters. A...

Energy efficiency and reliability are widely understood to be one of the dominant considerations for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). In this paper, in order to maintain energy efficiency and reliability in a UWSN, Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is adopted that is a combination of three techniques of geo-routing, multi-path routing, and Duty-Cycle mechanism. In the proposed alg...

mobile-ad-hoc-networks (manets) are self-configuring networks of mobile nodes, which communicate through wireless links. the infrastructure of a mobile ad hoc network (manet) has no routers for routing, and all nodes must share the same routing protocol to assist each other when transmitting messages. the main issues in manets include the mobility of the network nodes, the scarcity of computati...

In order to achieve the sensing, communication and processing tasks of Wireless Sensor Networks, an energy-efficient routing protocol is required to manage the dissipated energy of the network and to minimalize the traffic and the overhead during the data transmission stages. Clustering is the most common technique to balance energy consumption amongst all sensor nodes throughout the network. I...

In wireless sensor networks, optimal consumptionof energy and having maximum life time are important factors. In this article attempt has been made to send the data packets with particular reliability from the beginning based on AODV protocol. In this way two new fields add to the routing packets and during routing and discovering of new routes, the lowest remained energy of nodes and route tra...

This paper describes the concept of routing in wireless sensor networks. Routing algorithm provides reliable path from source to destination. Energy efficiency is main constraint in Wireless Sensor Networks. For improving life time and energy consumption various routing algorithms have been proposed. In this paper describe the hierarchical routing techniques. Hierarchical routing includes tree ...

Wireless sensor network a powerful network contains many wireless sensors with limited power resource, data processing, and transmission abilities. Wireless sensor capabilities including computational capacity, radio power, and memory capabilities are much limited. Moreover, to design a hierarchy topology, in addition to energy optimization, find an optimum clusters number and best location of ...

ad hoc mobile networks have dynamic topology with no central management. because of the high mobility of nodes, the network topology may change constantly, so creating a routing with high reliability is one of the major challenges of these networks .in the proposed framework first, by finding directions to the destination and calculating the value of the rout the combination of this value with ...