ritical theory generally refers to a series of pathways for Marxistinspired intellectual inquiry that first emerged with the end of the 18th century European Enlightenment and in particular with the initial widespread waning of intellectual confidence that the newly hegemonic bourgeois society would succeed in realizing Enlightenment ideals. In short, it represents the intellectual articulation...

the two discourses with a focus on reza davari ardekani and abdolkarim soroush, were formed in iran’s society. soroush’s discourse, with religious interests influenced by islamic sources, poper’s philosophy of science, logic and epistemological accuracies of analytical philosophy and consciously liberalism, is looking for compatibility with modernity. the second discourse on reza davari ardakan...

Soon after publishing his magnus opum, Transforming Mission, Davis Bosch wrote, what later became known as, Believing in the Future. Bosch’s critique of the Enlightenment was already apparent in Transforming Mission (1991:262-274), but soon after, at the end of 1991, he turned his thoughts to Western society specifically, furthermore addressing the problems of modernity, the questions of postmo...

the eighteenth century enlightenment is one of the most important foundations of the modern culture and thecontemporary western philosophy can be regarded as a dialogue between the enlightenment and its critics. although the roots of the enlightenment can be traced to the late middle ages and even before, but it is in kant’s “what is enlightenment?” (and implicitly in his critical trilogy and p...

abstract theories of behavior consumer deal with human behaviors as a being with will and purpose, so they are based on specific assumptions about the human nature and fundamentals of decision making. these assumptions often have ideological roots in different value systems consequently they are different in various these systems. the aim of this paper is to investigate these assumptions in the...

The discourse of class is a child of the Enlightenment. It was from the mid eighteenth century that ‘class’ as a term descriptive of social distinctions slid into the languages of western Europe. Initially its intellectual appeal owed much to its apparent analytical neutrality. It facilitated the Enlightenment project of exploring the nature and historical development of human society. Yet its ...

The Western fascination with Persia, intensified though it was by the nineteenth century obsession with Indo-European languages, extends back into the classical origins of European culture. As Edward Said notes, Aeschylus' The Persians demonstrates how deeply embedded in the European mind is the belief in Persia's quintessential status as an Oriental society. For many Orientalists Persia demons...

modernity is a reality that formed in framework of the enlightenment movement and histo-cultural context of west european countries as an internal process. because of the disseminating nature of modernity, its waves spread across the non-western countries. this article focuses on the outcomes of imported modernity in intellectual level of the non-western countries. for analyzing this topic, rus...