Evolution of non-equilibrium systems towards equilibrium is governed by the second law of thermodynamics. For example, in the previous section we showed that for an adia­ batically isolated system entropy must increase in any spontaneous change and reaches a maximum in equilibrium. What about out of equilibrium systems that are not adiabati­ cally isolated and which may also be subject to exter...

The article presents influence of pH and glucose concentration on phenylboronic acid (PBA) fluorescence studied by steady-state and time-resolved measurements. Fluorescence of PBA decreases with growing pH. These changes reflected acid-base equilibrium of PBA and allowed to estimate value of pKd as 9.2, which is comparable with literature data. Fluorescence intensity of phenylboronic acid is qu...

In this paper, we analyze the stability of equilibrium manifolds hyperbolic shallow water moment equations. Shallow equations describe flows for complex velocity profiles which vary in vertical direction and models can be seen as extensions standard Equilibrium is an important property balance laws that determines linear solutions vicinity manifolds, it a necessary condition stable numerical so...

S. Kuznets's study that the average propensity to consume is a constant value were nexpected because they denied one of the basic provisions of the Keynesian theory. This fact was called "the riddle of Kuznets".  F. Modigliani and M. Friedman, using the hypothesis of the life cycle and the concept of constant income, proposed two options that explain its solution. But models should not explain,...

Using the mixed solvents, (water +ethanol + propanol), the solubility of CdF2 was determined byevaporating method at 25° C. The results showed that the sollbility, s, of CdF2 decreases bydecreasing the dielectric constant of the mixed solvent .Once the solubility of CdF2 was determined,the concentration solubility product, Ksp(c)=4s3, was calculated .Furthermore ,by estimating the meanactivity ...

Frankia strain CcI3 grown in culture produced a hemoglobin which had optical absorption bands typical of a hemoglobin and a molecular mass of 14.1 kDa. Its equilibrium oxygen binding constant was 274 nM, the oxygen dissociation rate constant was 56 s(-1), and the oxygen association rate constant was 206 microM(-1) s(-1).

In this paper natural convection heat transfer within a two-dimensional, horizontal, concentric cam shape cylinders that is partially filled with a fluid saturated porous medium has been investigated. both cylinder are kept at constant and uniform temperatures with the outer cylinder being subjected relatively lower than the inner one. In addition the forchheimer and brinkman effect are taken i...

We show that computing a relatively (i.e. multiplicatively as opposed to additively) approximate Nash equilibrium in two-player games is PPAD-complete, even for constant values of the approximation. Our result is the first constant inapproximability result for Nash equilibrium, since the original results on the computational complexity of the problem [DGP06; CD06]. Moreover, it provides an appa...

We show that computing a relative—that is, multiplicative as opposed to additive—approximate Nash equilibrium in two-player games is PPAD-complete, even for constant values of the approximation. Our result is the first constant inapproximability result for the problem, since the appearance of the original results on the complexity of the Nash equilibrium [8, 5, 7]. Moreover, it provides an appa...