Central bank intervention plays a major role in managing exchange rate volatility. In comparison to advanced economies, emerging market economies are generally active the forex as excessive volatility of local currency persists. The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) influencing international financial system. paper empirically investigates efficacy central case cou...

Studies on earthworms using molecular markers are rare in Africa except a handful from South Africa. Reports on Libyodrilus violaceous,an earthworm found in West Africaare available including their metal tolerance and bioaccumulation capacity but their molecular characterization and ecotoxicology studies are scarce. In this study, triplicate L. violaceous specimens were collec...

Africa has high biodiversity and is rapidly urbanizing. However, there is limited understanding of how urban expansion in Africa is likely to affect its habitats and biodiversity. Little urban ecological research has been done in Africa. This study needs to think ahead as Africa move into the “urban age” it is critical to inform the public on the importance of urban environment...

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) has been identified in diverse countries. However, outside of North America, North Africa, and Europe, ARSACS was recognized only in the Japanese population. Moreover, through genetic research, the disease is thought to exhibit no founder effect, except in the Quebec descent. Therefore, it is possible that ARSACS might be undere...