To estimate how much an agent can be trusted, its trustworthiness needs to be assessed. Usually, poor performance of an agent leads to a decrease of trust in that agent. This is not always reasonable. If the environment interferes with the performance, the agent is possibly not to blame for the failure. We examine which failures can be called excusable and hence must not be seen as bad performa...

one of the discourses that is considered as indisputable among the scholars of jurisprudential principles (uṣūl al-fiqh) and has not been debated sufficiently is the discourse concerning the essential authoritativeness (ḥujjiyyat) of certitude (qaṭ‘). one of the few scholars who have meticulously and attentively criticized this theory is the late imam khomeini (ra). the present research seeks t...