We present the fetal MRI characteristics of exencephaly, a rare malformation of the cranium. The fetus was initially misdiagnosed as anencephaly at 14 weeks of estimated gestational age (EGA) and later mislabeled as acrania at 20 weeks of EGA by ultrasound. A confirmatory magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 29 weeks of EGA demonstrated findings consistent with exencephaly, which was confirmed a...

Objective The introduction of first trimester nuchal translucency measurement has resulted in earlier identification of foetuses with exencephaly. Exencephaly is an uncommon congenital malformation in which the flat bones of calvaria are absent leaving the brain completely exposed or protrudes through the defect in the cranial vault. Anencephaly may ensue as a result of prolonged exposure of th...

To elucidate the early sequential morphogenetic progress of exencephaly and myeloschisis, rat embryos whose mothers had been treated with hypervitaminosis A were studied at 1-day interval from gestation day 10.5 to 15.5. In exposed animals sequential change was found in both exencephaly and myeloschisis as the embryos grew up. The 10.5-day old exencephalic embryos had still widely open cephalic...

Mouse embryos develop exencephaly when dams are exposed by inhalation to high concentrations (> or = 10,000 ppm) of methanol on gestational day 8 (GD8; copulation plug = GD0). The present study examined the role of formate, an oxidative metabolite of methanol, in the development of methanol-induced exencephaly in CD-1 mice and cultured mouse embryos. The pharmacokinetics and developmental toxic...

The pentalogy of Cantrell, a rare syndrome, consists of the defects in the anterior diaphragm, diaphragmatic pericardium, lower sternum and supraumbilical abdominal wall, along with congenital cardiac abnormalities. Till date, only few patients with full spectrum of this syndrome have been reported with only 2 cases showing associated exencephaly and spinal dysraphism. We report extremely rare ...

BACKGROUND Closure of the cranial neural tube during embryogenesis is a crucial process in development of the brain. Failure of this event results in the severe neural tube defect (NTD) exencephaly, the developmental forerunner of anencephaly. METHODS The requirement for methylation cycle function in cranial neural tube closure was tested by treatment of cultured mouse embryos with cycloleuci...

The stereoselectivity of the teratogenic activity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHXA), a metabolite of the widely-used plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, was investigated. The enantiomers of EHXA were prepared via asymmetric synthesis with the aid of the chiral auxiliaries (R)- and (S)-1-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (RAMP, SAMP). The aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of (R)- and (S)-E...