Some studies have reported that understanding concrete action-related words and sentences elicits activations of motor areas in the brain. The present fMRI study goes one step further by testing whether this is also the case for comprehension of nonfactual statements. Three linguistic structures were used (factuals, counterfactuals, and negations), referring either to actions or, as a control c...

There is a growing concern that the recent progress made in AI, especially regarding predictive competence of deep learning models, will be undermined by failure to properly explain their operation and outputs. In response this disquiet, counterfactual explanations have become very popular eXplainable AI (XAI) due asserted computational, psychological, legal benefits. contrast however, semi-fac...

The de-collectivization of Vietnamese agriculture was a crucial step in the country’s transition to a market economy. The assignment of land-use rights had to be decentralized, and local cadres ostensibly had the power to capture this process. We assess the realized land allocation against explicit counter-factuals, including the allocation implied by a competitive market-based privatization. D...

Evaluation of counterfactual queries (e.g., "If A were true, would C have been true?") is important to fault diagnosis, planning, de­ termination of liability, and policy analysis. We present a method for evaluating counter­ factuals when the underlying causal model is represented by structural models a nonlin­ ear generalization of the simultaneous equa­ tions models commonly used in econometr...

Structural economic models allow one to analyze counter-factuals when economic system change and to evaluate the well being of economic agents. A key element in such analysis is the ability to identify the primitive functions and distributions of the economic models that are employed to describe the economic phenomena under study. Recent developments in nonparametric identification of structura...

This paper is concerned with the problem of determining the e!ect of a categorical treatment variable on a response given that the treatment is non-randomly assigned and the response (on any given subject) is observed for one setting of the treatment. We consider classes of models that are designed for such problems. These models are subjected to a fully Bayesian analysis based on Markov chain ...

Abstract We present xspells , a model-agnostic local approach for explaining the decisions of black box models in classification short texts. The explanations provided consist set exemplar sentences and counter-exemplar sentences. former are examples classified by with same label as text to explain. latter different (a form counter-factuals). Both close meaning explain, both meaningful – albeit...

The aim of the paper is to examine metaethical aspects theory natural law in Thomas Aquinas. theses that Aquinas does not reduce meaning term ‘good’ something and derive value judgements from factual. In first part, main arguments are presented favour irreducibility ‘the good’. second argument introduced a dichotomy between fact values (the difference factuals judgments)...

The gist of modal epistemology is expressed in the idea that you fail to know if you do believe truly but it is seriously possible for you to believe falsely. According to subjunctivism, this idea is captured by certain subjunctive conditionals. One formulation invokes a safety condition—“If S had believed P, then P would have been the case,” while the other invokes a sensitivity condition—“If ...

The best way to develop a unique identity for the National Education Debate Association (NEDA) is to debate propositions distinct from National Debate Tournament (NDT) and the Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA). A neglected area of debate includes propositions temporally framed in the past. Yet, the present propositional categories of fact, velue, and policy can explicitly incorporate ...