Tooling in the die and mould industry is subjected to high-wear high-temperature environments, which often leads premature failure of this high-added-value tooling. When severe damage occurs, an alternative replacing whole component consists repair by laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). For that end, intermediate layers are commonly employed as buffer material, where introducing a functio...

This work employs the self-consistent method to investigate the effective thermal conductivity distribution in functionally graded materials (FGMs) considering the Kapitza interfacial thermal resistance. A heat conduction solution is first derived for one spherical particle embedded in a graded matrix with a prefect interface. The interfacial thermal resistance of a nanoparticle is simulated by...

The experimental efforts towards understanding the fracture behavior of continuously graded Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) using full-field optical methods are reviewed. Both quasi-static and dynamic fracture investigations involving mode-I and -II conditions are presented. FGM configurations with crack planes perpendicular to, parallel to, and inclined to the direction of compositional g...

An elasticity solution is obtained for a sandwich beam with a functionally graded core subjected to transverse loads. The sandwich is subdivided into four elements, the top and bottom face-sheets, and top and bottom halves of the sandwich core. Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is used to model the face-sheets and plane elasticity equations are used to analyze the core. The Young’s modulus of the cor...

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) enable one to tailor the spatial variation of material properties so as to fully use the material everywhere. For example, in a hollow circular cylinder one can vary, in the radial direction, the material moduli to make the hoop stress constant. Whereas the problem for a hollow cylinder with the inner and the outer surfaces circular has been studied, that of...

Twin-wire and arc additive manufacturing (T-WAAM) has potential advantages in improving deposition efficiency functionally graded materials (FGMs), thus attracting much attention. However, there are few studies on the droplet transfer mode of T-WAAM. This paper analyzes swing “TIG + AC” twin-wire cross-arc by in-situ observation with high-speed photography, revealing what factors influence T-WA...