This study investigated the effectiveness of reactive incidental focus on form (FonF) for each learner with regard to different linguistic categories in meaning-oriented EFL classes. To this end, 30 hr of meaningful interactions of upper-intermediate EFL learners were audio-recorded in 2 free discussion classes. Instances of reactive incidental focus-on-form episodes (FFEs), where teachers offe...

This paper describes a treebanking project for Hindi/Urdu. We are annotating dependency syntax, lexical predicate-argument structure, and phrase structure syntax in a coordinated and partly automated manner. The paper focuses on choices in syntactic representation, and the stages we think are most appropriate for annotating differnt types of information.

A generative statistical model of dependency syntax is proposed based on Tesni ere's classical theory. It provides a stochastic formalization of the original model of syntactic structure and augments it with a model of the string realization process, the latter which is lacking in Tesni ere's original work. The resulting theory models crossing dependency links, discontinuous nuclei and string m...

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages annotators to underspecify parts of the syntax if doing so would streamline the annotation process. We demonstrate the efficacy of this annotation on three ...

This paper shows how to introduce predicative adjunction in a dependency grammar inspired from TAG, MTT and RG. The addition of predicative adjunction allows us to obtain a modular surface syntactic grammar, the derivation structures of which can be interpreted as semantic representations.

In this talk, we contend that, for NLs, the divide between model-theoretic semantics and proof-theoretic semantics has not been well-understood. In particular, the formal semantics based on modern type theories (MTTs) may be seen as both model-theoretic and prooftheoretic. To be more precise, it may be seen both ways in the sense that the NL semantics can first be represented in an MTT in a mod...

Decentralisation has been described as an empty concept that lacks clarity. Yet there is an enduring interest in the process of decentralisation within health systems and public services more generally. Many claims about the benefits of decentralisation are not supported by evidence. It may be useful as an organising framework for analysis of health systems but in this context it lacks conceptu...