Introduction: Sub-chronic swim stress is known to induce a prolonged hyperalgesia, which is mediated through NMDA and opioid systems. Nitric oxide is a soluble gas, which acts as a retrograde messenger that modulates the release of mentioned neurotransmitters. It is also involved in nociception and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO pathway in nociception and memory...

Background & Aim: Depression is a heterogeneous mood disorder affecting both people in developing and developed countries. The drugs used in its management are associated with adverse effects and delayed response which compromise their therapeutic benefits. This makes it worthwhile to look for antidepressants plants with proven advantage and favourable benefit-...

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that may result in significant consequences in active population of the society. In traditional manuscripts there are many indications about the antidepressant effects of rose oil, but so far no scientific research has been done about this subject. The purpose of present study was to determine the antidepressant effects of rose oil and ...

Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in the (patho)physiology of stress-adaptation. PACAP deficient (PACAP(-/-)) mice show altered anxiety levels and depression-like behavior, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms in stress-related brain areas. Therefore, we aimed at investigating PACAP(-/-) mice in light-dark box, marble burying, open fie...

introduction: depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. the presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. during the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. am...

In the forced swim test (FST) rodents progressively show increased episodes of immobility if immersed in a beaker with water from where escape is not possible. In this test, a compound qualifies as a potential antidepressant if it prevents or delays the transition to this passive (energy conserving) behavioural style. In the past decade however the switch from active to passive "coping" was use...

The elevated plus-maze is an apparatus composed of enclosed and open (elevated) arms and time spent in the open arms by a rat can be increased/decreased by anxiolytic/anxiogenic agents. In the forced swim test, floating behavior is used as an index of behavioral despair and can be decreased by antidepressant agents. As the comorbidity between anxiety and depression is a remarkable issue in huma...

Scopolamine produces rapid and significant symptom improvement in patients with depression, and most notably in patients who do not respond to current antidepressant treatments. Scopolamine is a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, and it is not known which one or more of the five receptor subtypes in the muscarinic family are mediating these therapeutic effects. We used t...