Results from studies of observing responses have suggested that stimuli maintain observing owing to their special relationship to primary reinforcement (the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis), and not because they predict the availability and nonavailability of reinforcement (the information hypothesis). The present article first reviews a study that challenges that conclusion and then repor...

In situations where noisy signals of some underlying variable are observed, Paul Milgrom (The Bell Journal of Economics, 12(2): 380–391) showed that a higher signal implies a higher posterior (in the sense of first-order stochastic dominance) for every non-degenerate prior if and only if the conditional distribution satisfies the strict monotone likelihood ratio property (MLRP). We show that fo...

Breaking bad news is a process of delivering news, which may negatively affect a patient's view of the future, however is an essential skill for doctors. There are a multitude of benefits if doctors can execute this task well, and will improve the disease journey for the patient. There are several published models including the SPIKES and ABCDE models to help guide the doctor to break bad news ...

Breaking bad news is a complex task that requires multiple communication skills from health professionals. Clinical practice demands to communicate all type of bad news, from a diagnosis of cancer to adverse effects of a treatment. On the other hand, since the beginning of the health reform in 2003, the need to improve the quality of services was proposed, among which the concern about the righ...

Safety critical systems can cause injury or death to people if they malfunction, and thus it is of vital importance for employees to report bugs in such systems. Based on the notions of moral intensity and morality judgment, we propose a model that explains employees’ intentions to report bugs in safety critical systems. We conducted a conjoint experiment to test the model. Based on data from 1...

Breaking bad news to patients is one of the most difficult and demanding tasks that oncologists face—and one for which they are often poorly trained and emotionally ill equipped. The S-P-I-K-E-S protocol described in this article provides a simple, easily learned strategy for communicating bad news and suggests ways to assess the situation as it evolves and respond constructively to patients. S...

Companies must publish financial reports on time. When market information is more important and this information is used to shape more effective decision-making. Although most companies, financial reports required by the authorities at intervals determined Speak but at the same time, it can be claimed that the delay in publishing the financial reports of a company to another company, the differ...