objectives: all subjects suspected of central auditory processing disorder (capd) were previously tested by free recall dichotic digits test (ddt). the study objective was normalization and reliability evaluation of two-pair ddt in 750 native persian subjects aged 8 to 12 years. materials: a total of 750 subjects were divided into five age groups varying between 8 years and 12 years and 11 mont...

The production effect, the memorial benefit for information read aloud versus silently, has been touted as a simple memory improvement tool. The current experiments were designed to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of production using a free recall paradigm. Results extend beyond prior work showing a production effect only when production is manipulated within subject, not between, usin...

Free recall is a fundamental paradigm for studying memory retrieval in the context of minimal cue support. Accordingly, free recall has been extensively studied using behavioral methods. However, the neural mechanisms that support free recall have not been fully investigated due to technical challenges associated with probing individual recall events with neuroimaging methods. Of particular con...

Using forced report to control response bias in cued recall, Higham (2002) showed that, ironically, there was no clear evidence of encoding specificity in the classic “encoding specificity” paradigm of Thomson and Tulving (1970). However, he also showed that using type 2 signal detection theory methods to assess meta-memory in the Thomson and Tulving (1970) paradigm provided different evidence ...

Recall latency, recall accuracy rate, and recall confidence were examined in free recall as a function of recall output serial position using a modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm to test a strength-based theory against the dual-retrieval process theory of recall output sequence. The strength theory predicts the item output sequence to be in the descending order of memory strength. The d...

Three experiments investigated serial position effects in immediate and final free recall. Each word in a 10-item list was both preceded and followed by a 15-sec period of distraction activity. In Experiment 1, half of the lists were immediately followed by either a recall test or a recognition test; the remaining lists were not tested, but were followed by a different distraction activity. Aft...