the history of mycology in iran is presented in five periods. in the first period (until 1860) there is no sign of iranian fungi in scientific literature. in the second period (1860–1941) the study of iranian fungi was started by foreign mycologists who did not visit iran but worked on plant material collected by botanists. in the third period (1941–1963) the study of iranian fungi was started ...

BACKGROUND Plant fungal pathogens play a crucial role in the profitability, quality and quantity of plant production. These phytopathogens are persistent in avoiding plant defences causing diseases and quality losses around the world that amount to billions of US dollars annually. To control the scourge of plant fungal diseases, farmers have used fungicides to manage the damage of plant pathoge...

The production of low-molecular-weight antimicrobial molecules within plants is one component of defense against pathogens. Among them, preformed antimicrobial compounds (phytoanticipins) are the first biochemical barriers against pathogens. Saponins (a group of phytoanticipins) are present constitutively in plants and play important roles in plant defense. A variety of biological roles have be...

1. During the last centuries many alien species have established and spread in new regions, where some of them cause large ecological and economic problems. As one of the main explanations of the spread of alien species, the enemy-release hypothesis is widely accepted and frequently serves as justification for biological control. 2. We used a global fungus–plant host distribution data set for 1...

The most exploited and widely used fungal biocontrol agents in agriculture for the management of plant diseases caused by a wide spectrum of fungal pathogens (Sharma et al., 2014). Trichoderma is among the most exploited fungal biocontrol agents in agriculture for the management of plant diseases caused by a wide spectrum of fungal pathogens (Mathivanan et al., 2000). Production of extracellula...

Fungal pathogens cause various diseases for plant and animal hosts. Despite the extensive impact of fungi on human health and life, the threats posed by emerging fungal pathogens are poorly understood. Specifically, there exist few fungal virulence gene databases, which prevent effective bioinformatics studies on fungal pathogens. Therefore, we constructed a comprehensive online database of kno...

Naturally, simultaneous interactions occurred among plants, herbivores, and soil biota, that is, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), nematodes, and fungal pathogens. These multiple interactions play fundamental roles in driving process, structure, and functioning of ecosystems. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis with 144 papers to investigate the interactions between AMF and plant biot...