phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

Family is the most important social group, and the survival of society depends on the survival of the family and its survival depends on legitimate parentage and legal ties. Therefore, the issue of proving the parentage is one of the most sensitive issues in the Islamic law and the legislator has tried to preserve it by enacting laws. From the beginning of Islam until now, in Imami jurisprudenc...