in this research, we surveyed the behavior of escalation of commitment in common organization. in this phenomenon, decision maker, despite receiving negative information and feedbacks from owns primal decision results, still committed to it. some theories which explains this phenomena, views it with two approaches. the first approach provides dysfunctional and flaw, and the other logically. in ...

Certification schemes for credence goods can be binary in structure or have multiple tiers. We present a theory explaining how standard-setting organizations choose between these two forms, and compare the differing incentives of industry trade associations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in setting standards. For either type of scheme in autarky, the choice between a binary and a mul...

In 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in cooperation with the T.M.C. Asser Institute, launched a major research effort to explore the concept of “direct participation by civilians in hostilities” (DPH Project).1 The goal was to provide greater clarity regarding the international humanitarian law (IHL) governing the loss of protection from attack when civilians involve th...

this paper explores the impact of organizational factors on a major information system project in a governmental organization in Norway. The study revealed that the predominant organizational factors include; authoritarian style, functional structure, and a working culture that values conformity and loyalty upwards and is resistant to knowledge sharing. These factors are deeply rooted in the pr...