conclusions albumin gradient method is the enrichment of y-bearing chromosome sperms. separation of spermatozoa by albumin gradient method, introduced by ericsson, is a suitable method for sex selection of male offspring. this technique is safe, because it neither requires toxic materials during sperm separation, nor involves embryo manipulation. objectives the study aimed to assess the separat...

Proline accumulation is a well-known response to water deficits in leaves. The primary cause of accumulation is proline synthesis. Delta(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PCR) catalyzes the final reaction of proline synthesis. To determine the subcellular location of PCR, protoplasts were made from leaves of Pisum sativum L., lysed, and fractionated by differential and Percoll density gradi...

This review focuses on the culture-independent methods available for the description of both bacterial and fungal communities in cheese. Important steps of the culture-independent strategy, which relies on bulk DNA extraction from cheese and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of selected sequences, are discussed. We critically evaluate the identification techniques already used for m...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an easy, economic, convenient and biochemical technology in molecular biology for the amplification of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. The method consists of repetitive cycles of three steps: denaturation, hybridization, and polymerase extension, that raising temperature to break hydrogen bonds for formation of the single stra...

Abstract The HPPD gene is one of the genes that actively involved in biosynthesis tocopherol, which main component Vitamin E. Sunflower raw materials for natural medicine since their oil contains vitamin To obtain complete information regarding whole sequences 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) sunflower accession HA1, exon region needs to be identified using a PCR-based method. One fac...

BACKGROUND Distinguishing desired mutants from parental templates and undesired mutants is a problem not well solved in Quikchange™ mutagenesis. Although Dpn I digestion can eliminate methylated parental (WT) DNA, the efficiency is not satisfying due to the existence of hemi-methylated DNA in the PCR products, which is resistant to Dpn I. The present study designed a novel critical annealing te...