The wide variety of techniques and tasks used to study the neural correlates of noun and verb processing has resulted in a body of inconsistent evidence. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment to detect grammatical class effects that generalize across tasks. A total of 12 participants undertook a grammatical-class switching task (GCST), in which they were present...

undoubtedly the holy quran is a unique book in arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. its words are a pure collection of arabic literature. all poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. it is a permanent treasure of arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. it kept the arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. it also conta...

Tracking a digital pursuit rotor task was used to measure dual task costs of language production by young and older adults. Tracking performance by both groups was affected by dual task demands: time on target declined and tracking error increased as dual task demands increased from the baseline condition to a moderately demanding dual task condition to a more demanding dual task condition. Whe...

In this article, we present an analysis of the complexity grammatical constraints and their impact on early language acquisition inflectional morphemes in Malayalam. We use natural speech production data two monolingual children acquiring Malayalam between ages 1;9–2;10 2;3–3;0 three bilingual Malayalam-English 1;9–2;8, 2;0–3;0 1;10–2;11 to recover underlying that govern correct productions as ...

Learners are often reported not to be motivated enough to attend to teacher feedback. Teachers also  tend  to  grade  learners’  writing  samples  when  providing  them  with  corrective  feedback though  they  know  it  may  divert  their  attention  away  from  teacher  feedback.  However,  not grading learner writings does not seem to be an option due to both learners’ demands for it and ins...

This study investigated the effects of planned focus-on-form instruction (pFFI) on developing oral grammatical accuracy in Iranian English EFL learners. To this end, 60 lower-intermediate EFL learners studying English in a private English language institute in Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned to two classes. Both classes received a task-based instruction on grammatical points elicited in or...

The significance of error analysis for the learner, the teacher and the researcher is now widely recognized. Earlier studies of error analysis concentrated on intersystematic comparison of the “native language” and the “target language” and drew the required data largely from intuitions and impressionistic observations. This study was conducted on the basis of the following observations: (1) to...

The role of grammatical gender and number representations in syntactic processes during reading in Spanish was studied using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. The electroencephalogram was recorded with a dense array of 128 electrodes while Spanish speakers read word pairs (Experiment 1) or sentences (Experiment 2) in which gender or number agreement relationships were manipulated. ...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: American Sign Language (ASL) Non-manual grammatical markers Eyebrow height Head gestures Facial expressions Conditional Random Field (CRF) Changes in eyebrow configuration, in conjunction with other facial expressions and head gestures, are used to signal essential grammatical information in signed languages. This paper proposes an automatic recognition system fo...