Energy-awareness in services can be obtained through annotations regarding energy consumption. In this paper, annotations are given as Green Performance Indicators (GPIs). A service is annotated in terms of its structure, of the used IT platform, and of development costs, human resources, and environment impact. GPIs relate to service development, deployment, and maintenance. An approach is pro...

Results of game theory are often the keys to decisions of economical and political executives. They are also used to create internal tools of many decision making software. For example, coordination games may be cooperative games, when the players choose the strategies by a consensus decision making process, and game trees are used to represent some key cooperative games. Our theory of cooperat...

According to Champ et al. (1997), we have to differentiate between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to donate (WTD) in eliciting individual preferences for public goods. Because strong incentives exist to understate the willingness to spend on the public good and to freeride on other people’s contributions, WTP forms the upper limit for WTD. This paper presents an experimental study on ...

Abstract. Modeling several competitive leaders and followers acting in an electricity market leads to coupled systems of mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints, called equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints (EPECs). We consider a simplified model for competition in electricity markets under uncertainty of demand in an electricity network as a (stochastic) multi-leader-fol...

Agent based modeling and simulation consider the behavior of agents acting in a system. The agents' interactions result in changing the agent’s behavior, the whole agent based system, and its environment. In this study, the manufacturing, sale, and receiving orders behaviors pertinent to manufacturing and sale agents acting across a pharmaceutical supply chain of an Iranian manufacturing medici...

We introduce a solitaire game played on a graph. Initially one disk is placed at each vertex, one face green and the other red, oriented with either color facing up. Each move of the game consists of selecting a vertex whose disk shows green, flipping over the disks at neighboring vertices, and deleting the selected vertex. The game is won if all vertices are eliminated. We derive a simple pari...

We assessed the total energy required to manufacture, install and maintain an extensive, sedumplanted green roof over its assumed life of 20 years in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. using the method of emergy analysis. We estimated its environmental benefits as the sum of summer electricity savings due to cooler building temperatures, primary production of biomass and reduction in intensity...