Two influenza A subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) co-circulate pose a serious disease burden globally. It is unclear about the extent of cross-protection between these two as well impact on dynamics. Based an evolution-driven mathematical transmission model, interaction H1N1 H3N2 was explored based monthly incidence data in USA from years 2012 to 2019. The results showed that significant exists. Besides...

Background: The pandemic and regional influenza outbreaks resulting from antigenic variation of influenza viruses have been the subject of numerous studies which are crucial to the preparation of the vaccine. Frequent global winter outbreaks of influenza viruses require a constant surveillance of emerging influenza variants in order to develop efficient influenza vaccine. Methods: This study wa...

BACKGROUND H3N2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world. OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic correlation between H3N2 human and swine influenza viruses from the same region during the same season. STUDY DESIGN Five H3N2 human and four H3N2 swine influenza viruses were isolated from Guangdong province of China in th...

Recent isolation of a novel swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant virus [A(H3N2)v] from humans in the United States has raised concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. Here, we analyzed the virulence, transmissibility, and receptor-binding preference of four A(H3N2)v influenza viruses isolated from humans in 2009, 2010, and 2011. High titers of infectious virus were detected in nas...

We compared the innate immune response to a newly emerged swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) variant containing the M gene from 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1), termed "A(H3N2)vpM," to the immune responses to the 2010 swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) variant and seasonal influenza A(H3N2). Our results demonstrated that A(H3N2)vpM-induced myeloid dendritic cells secreted significantly lower levels of ...

Since December 1998 when swine influenza virus (SIV) with H3N2 was first identified in Iowa swine, prospective and retrospective studies were conducted to monitor and evaluate H3N2 SIV infections in swine population in Iowa until February 2000. A serological survey revealed that H3 SIV had been widely spread in Iowa swine within first 6 months after initial identification and that both H1 and H...

Influenza A(H3N2) virus was detected in oral fluid from 16/107 children (aged 2 to 12 years) with a clinical diagnosis of mumps, who were sampled between December 2014 and February 2015 in England, during the peak of the 2014/15 influenza season. Sequence analysis of an A(H3N2) virus from a child with suspected mumps showed the virus was similar to other circulating A(H3N2) viruses detected in ...

Seroreactivity to H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIVs)was evaluated in serum samples collected from 843 people aged 0 to 100 years in 2010 in Luxembourg.Sera were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition(HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) assays targeting a European H3N2 SIV, a North American H3N2 variant of swine origin (H3N2v) and human seasonal H3N2 viruses isolated in 1975, 1995 and 2005. HI ...