Historically, the banking multiplier has been in a range of 4 to 100, with 25% to 1% reserve ratios at most layers of the banking system encompassing the majority of its range in recent centuries. Here it is shown that multipliers over 1 000 can occur from a new mechanism in banking. This new multiplier uses a default insurance note to insure an outstanding loan in order to return the value of ...

Mexican President Felipe Calderón was sworn into office in December 2006. From the outset, his administration was to deploy an aggressive security policy in its fight against drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), in what became known as the Mexican ‘War on Drugs’. The policy was strongly condemned because of the 68,000 unintentional deaths directly attributable to it. Here, we evaluate the eco...

We argue that the sense of identity is a prime motivator of terrorist activities and investigate its implications for defence against terrorism. Our framework models the decentralized terrorism (not sponsored by any state) that is characteristic of contemporary reality. Terrorist responses to perceived affronts to identity increase with the intensity of spite towards out-groups and altruism tow...

Using a large-scale CGE model, we investigate the short-run and long-run regional economic consequences of a catastrophic event – attack via radiological dispersal device (RDD) – centered on the downtown Los Angeles area. We distinguish two main routes via which such a catastrophic event might affect regional economic activity: (i) reduction in effective resource supply (the resource loss effec...

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Can rational models, once theological explanations are discredited, explain why certai...

Vecchietti S, Grandi E, Severi S, Rivolta I, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Cavalcanti S. In silico assessment of Y1795C and Y1795H SCN5A mutations: implication for inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H56–H65, 2007. First published September 15, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00270.2006.—The effects of two SCN5A mutations (Y1795C, Y1795H), previously identified in one...

1. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium, infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline (0.5 mug/kg per min) and isoprenaline (0.25 mug/kg per min) increased myocardial blood flow, myocardial heat production, left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, left ventricular +ve and -ve dp/dt max, and calculated cardiac output, effort and oxygen consumption. These effects (apart from t...

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABA(A)) receptor plays a major role in inhibitory neurotransmissions. Intronic SNPs and haplotypes in GABRB2, the gene for GABA(A) receptor beta(2) subunit, are associated with schizophrenia and correlated with the expression of two alternatively spliced beta(2) isoforms. In the present study, using chimpanzee as an ancestral reference, high frequencies were...