The accountability for reasonableness (AFR) concept has been developed and discussed for over two decades. Its interpretation has been studied in several ways partly guided by the specific settings and the researchers involved. This has again influenced the development of the concept, but not led to universal application. The potential use in health technology assessments (HTAs) has recently be...

background: one of the main indexes of development is health index or the degree to which a society enjoys health and therapeutic services. the present study was done with the aim to analyze development levels in cities in tehran regarding health infrastructural index using the standardized score and morris’ model. methods: this is a descriptive and pragmatic study which ranks 14 cities in tehr...

Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) systems across Europe are very heterogeneous, in particular because of different classification variables and algorithms as well as costing methodologies. But, given the challenge of increasing patient mobility within Europe, health systems are forced to incorporate a common patient classification language in order to compare and identify similar patients e.g. for ...

introduction: management development assessment helps managers to systematically assess the current management capabilities of their organization and take critical steps to strengthen the management skills and sustainability of their organizations. this study aimed to identify and compare the health system management development assessment models in selected international organizations and coun...

in his recent study, gordon shen analyses a pertinent question facing the global mental health research and practice community today; that of how and why mental health policy is or is not adopted by national governments. this study identifies becoming a world health organization (who) member nation, and being in regional proximity to countries which have adopted a mental health policy as suppor...

Background In many parts of the world, ongoing deficiencies in health systems compromise the delivery of health interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified four functions that health systems need to perform to achieve their goals: Efforts to strengthen health systems focus on the way these functions are carried out. While a number of studies on health systems functions have be...

The costs of pharmaceutical R&D are high, with clinical trials being a major component of these development costs. At the same time, there is an urgent need to address therapeutic gaps in order to be able to respond to unmet medical needs. To help resolve this problem, there is a need to increase efficiency and to bridge bench and clinical research with real-world practice. Data obtained from h...