In this paper we present a fully anonymous (for payer and payee) electronic payment scheme for B2B transactions involving high amounts, without using tamper resistant devices, without pseudonyms, and preventing double spending. Schemes with detection of double spending at deposit are not well suited for high amount transactions (merchants and banks don’t want to assume potential high losses). O...

A new scheme for electronic money is described where e-cash is created for a specific recipient in any transaction. This has benefits for the efficiency of implementing measures against double spending. Details of the scheme are provided to show that anonymity and transferability are still possible with recipient specific e-cash. The scheme ensures both authentication and integrity of the elect...

We present Bitcoin Security Tables computing the probability of success p(z, q, t) of a double spend attack by an attacker controlling a share q of the hashrate after z confirmations in time t.

INTRODUCTION The USA lags behind other high-income countries in many health indicators. Outcome differences are associated with differences in the relative spending between healthcare and social services at the national level. The impact of the ratio and delivery of social and healthcare services on the individual patient's health is however unknown. 'Reframing Healthcare Services through the L...

In recent years, healthcare expenditure has come under increasing scrutiny in France and progressively restrictive budgetary measures have been implemented in order to contain growing spending. In this context, health economic assessment has gained a more central role for both public and industry interests as a means to support Market Access negotiations and to best guide resource allocation ch...

BACKGROUND The burden of chronic conditions is on the rise in India, necessitating long-term support from healthcare services. Healthcare, in India, is primarily financed through out-of-pocket payments by households. Considering scarce evidence available from India, our study investigates whether and how out-of-pocket payments for outpatient care affect individuals with chronic conditions. ME...

One of the glaring gaps in Canada’s universal healthcare system is the low level of public financing of prescription drugs - 42.7% of total spending in 2018. At the federal level there is renewed interest in moving towards universal coverage, supported by a recently commissioned report on how to achieve it. It will take superb political navigation to extract Canadian ph...