In this article, we propose a special case of two-echelon location-routing problem (2E-LRP) in cash-in-transit (CIT) sector. To tackle this realistic problem and to make the model applicable, a rich LRP considering several existing real-life variants and characteristics named BO-2E-PCLRPSD-TW including different objective functions, multiple echelons, multiple periods, capacitated vehicles, dis...

Abstract: The Open Vehicle Routing Problem (OVRP) is one of the most important extensions of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that has many applications in industrial and service. In the VRP, a set of customers with a specified demand of goods are given and a depot where a fleet of identical capacitated vehicles is located. We are also given the ‘‘traveling costs’’ between the depot and all th...

This paper considers a single-sourcing network design problem for a three-level supply chain. For the first time, a novel mathematical model is presented considering risk-pooling, the inventory existence at distribution centers (DCs) under demand uncertainty, the existence of several alternatives to transport the product between facilities, and routing of vehicles from distribution centers to c...

Due to many damages that human activities have imposed on the environment, authorities, manufacturers, and industry owners have taken into account the development of supply chain more than ever. One of the most influential and essential human activities in the supply chain are transportation which green vehicles such as electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to generate higher economic and enviro...

This paper addresses the two-dimensional loading heterogeneous fixed fleet vehicle routing problem, which is a complex and unstudied variant of classical problem has wide range applications in transportation logistics fields. In this each customer demands set rectangular items, objective to find minimum cost delivery routes for limited vehicles with different capacities, variable operating cost...

D PR OO F Abstract In this paper, we have studied synchronized flow and phase separations in mixed (heterogeneous) single-lane highway traffic. It is found that the flux–density (occupancy) curve of heterogeneous flow, as expected, lies in between two flux–density (occupancy) curves of homogeneous flow R 1⁄4 0 (all vehicles are slow vehicles) and R 1⁄4 1 (all vehicles are fast vehicles). Howeve...

Reliable location routing problem considers a location problem and a vehicle routing problem in order to select the optimal location of facilities and at the same time the optimal routes for vehicles considering the unexpected failure for facilities in which, all facilities may fail with a probability. In this paper, a bi-objective mathematical model has been developed to minimize the total cos...

VANET is a widely discussed area of wireless communication at present. VANET is a subset of MANET where nodes represent vehicles moving at high pace and vehicle traffic determined regularity. A moving vehicle can use the frequency and services to connect to other vehicles and form a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET is a wireless network composed of vehicles and roadside beacons without c...

This paper talks about an emerging and exciting application of ad-hoc network where vehicles are serving as nodes. This area has certain promised aspects and activities to be offered, which are broadly related with the safety, convenience, entertainment, and various other topics of interest. It is an ad hoc network of vehicles, known as ‘Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET).’ Vehicular Ad-Hoc netwo...