microglia is the effector cell of the innate immune system in central nervous system (cns). these cells mediate inflammatory responses in injuries. besides external factors, microglial function is also controlled by internal factors, including epigenetic regulations. mechanisms of epigenetic regulation mainly consist of dna methylation, histone modifications and use of non-coding rnas. recent s...

Microglia is the effector cell of the innate immune system in central nervous system (CNS). These cells mediate inflammatory responses in injuries. Besides external factors, microglial function is also controlled by internal factors, including epigenetic regulations. Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation mainly consist of DNA methylation, histone modifications and use of non-coding RNAs. Recent s...

The linker histones (H1 or H5) which play a key role in the folding of chromatin, are general repressors of gene expression. Nuclei of the mature chicken erythrocytes (and in some mammalian cells) contain both of them. Although the interaction of H5 with DNA is stronger than that of H1, it does not prevent the transcription of some erythroid-specific genes. It has been shown that some modificat...

histone acetylation, one of the first and best studied histone post-translational modifications (ptms), as well as the factors involved in its deposition (writers), binding (readers) and removal (erasers), have been shown to act at the heart of regulatory circuits controlling essential cellular functions. the identification of a variety of competing histone lysine-modifying acyl groups includin...

neurodegenerative disorders such as huntingtons disease, alzheimers disease, parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, friedreichs ataxia, and others are multi-factorial illnesses in which many pathways (still poorly understood) act serially and in parallel to give a determined pathologic phenotype. thus, presently there are no effective cures for these disease...

We analyzed the relationship between histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation at 40 Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters that respond to specific activators and repressors. In accord with the general correlation between histone acetylation and transcriptional activity, Gcn4 and the general stress activators (Msn2 and Msn4) cause increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Surprisingly,...

Rates of turnover for the posttranslational acetylation of core histones were measured in logarithmically growing yeast cells by radioactive acetate labeling to near steady-state conditions. On average, acetylation half-lives were approximately 15 min for histone H4, 10 min for histone H3, 4 min for histone H2B, and 5 min for histone H2A. These rates were much faster than the several hours that...

To visualize histone acetylation in living cells, we developed a genetically encoded fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based indicator. Response of the indicator reflects changes in the acetylation state of both K5 and K8 in histone H4. Using this acetylation indicator, we were able to monitor the dynamic fluctuation of histone H4 acetylation levels during mitosis, as well as acetyla...

BACKGROUND Genetic, pharmacological, and environmental interventions that alter total levels of histone acetylation in specific brain regions can modulate behaviors and treatment responses. Efforts have been made to identify specific genes that are affected by alterations in total histone acetylation and to propose that such gene specific modulation could explain the effects of total histone ac...