BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that gymnasts have a high prevalence of radiological abnormalities, such as intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD) and anterior limbus vertebra (ALV). These 2 abnormalities may coexist at the same spinal level. However, the relationship between IDD and ALV remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS A significant relationship exists between IDD a...

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. In India, the entire population is prone to IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent and consequently the food derived from it. To combat the risk of IDD, sal...

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) may affect the child growth and development. Speech development disorders in IDD area caused by brain damage. The incidence of speech developmental disorders is still high. Stimulation to children under 3 years old may increase speech capability due to brain plasticity. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of stimulation on speech development of 1-...

OBJECTIVES Describe the prevalence of substance-related and addictive disorders (SRAD) in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and compare the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults with IDD and SRAD to those with IDD or SRAD only. DESIGN Population-based cohort study (the Health Care Access Research and Development Disabilities (H-CARDD) cohort). S...

Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that affects the general and athletic populations. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the causes of LBP and a current topic in the orthopedic and sports medicine fields. The correlation between IDD and LBP seems controversial. In Part I of this review article, we examine the etiology and nature of intervertebral disc degener...

PURPOSE To examine adult epilepsy outpatients for the existence of the interictal dysphoric disorder (IDD) using the interictal dysphoric disorder inventory (IDDI), the overlap between IDD, depression, and anxiety, and the reproducibility of IDDI. METHODS Epilepsy outpatients were assessed with the Danish IDDI and self-report inventories for depression and anxiety. Patients with abnormal scor...

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. PURPOSE To calculate the prevalence of L5-S1 intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) by evaluating gynecological disease findings, obtained by pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and reveal the risk factors for IDD by analyzing its relationship with age, sacral structure, body mass index (BMI), number of deliveries, and intrapelvic space-occupying l...

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) become a health problem in Indonesia and other developing countries. The influences of IDD on children’s intellectual are irreversible, but on the other hand it is said that early stimulation affects brain development. The aims of this study was to determine the cognitive and language abilities after stimulation in children aged less than 3 years in IDD area. T...

BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc disease (IDD) is a very common neurological disease, Dachshunds being the breed most often affected. In this breed, IDD has a hereditary background and is associated with intervertebral disc calcification (IDC), an indicator of severe intervertebral disc degeneration. In Finland, spinal radiography is used, when screening for IDC before breeding Dachshunds. We eva...

The Integer Dichotomy Diagram IDD(n) represents a natural number n ∈ N by a Directed Acyclic Graph in which equal nodes are shared to reduce the size s(n). That IDD also represents some finite set of integers by a Digital Search DAG where equal subsets are shared. The same IDD also represents representing Boolean Functions, IDDs are equivalent to (Zero-suppressed) ZDD or to (Binary Moment) BMD ...