abstract: plasma cellmyeloma constitutes about 10% of all  hematologicmalignancies. metastatic cutaneous lesions without underlying bony involvement are rare and associated with advanced disease, poor prognosis and high tumor burden. igg is the most common subtype and igd is believed to have a more aggressive course.######

Immunoglobulin D multiple myeloma (IgD MM) accounts for almost 2% of all myeloma cases. It is associated with an increased frequency of undetectable or small monoclonal (M)-protein levels on electrophoresis; osteolytic lesions; extramedullary involvement; amyloidosis; a lambda (lambda) light chain predilection; renal failure; hypercalcemia; and, often, advanced disease at diagnosis. Immunoglobu...

IgD, previously thought to be a recent addition to the immunoglobulin classes, has long been considered an enigmatic molecule. For example, it was debated if IgD had a specific function other than as an antigen receptor co-expressed with IgM on naive B cells and if it had an important role in mammalian immunity. However, during the past decade extensive sequencing of vertebrate genomes has show...

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a surface immunoglobulin that is expressed as either membrane IgD (mIgD) or secreted IgD (sIgD). Researchers have shown that sIgD is often elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases. The possible roles of sIgD on the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are still unclear. In this study, we compared the expression of sIg...

The human peripheral B-cell compartment displays a large population of immunoglobulin M-positive, immunoglobulin D-positive CD27(+) (IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+)) "memory" B cells carrying a mutated immunoglobulin receptor. By means of phenotypic analysis, complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping during a T-independent response, and gene-expression profiling of the different blood and s...

What is the test? Immunoglobulins are protein molecules. They contain antibody activity and are produced by the terminal cells of B-cell differentiation known as 'plasma cells'. There are five classes of immunoglobulin (Ig): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. In normal serum, about 80% is IgG, 15% is IgA, 5% is IgM, 0.2% is IgD and a trace is IgE. Quantitative serum immunoglobulin tests are used to de...

IgD is a surface immunoglobulin, which is coexpressed with IgM on greater than 90% of mature B cells, but its levels in serum are extremely low compared to those of IgM. It role as a surface receptor has been reemphasized by our recent findings that IgD receptors are induced on helper T cells by exposure to IgD and that such cells have immunoaugmenting properties. The present study shows that c...

Classic studies by Rowe et al . (1) in the human and by Vitetta and coworkers (2) in the mouse have established that IgD is a major membrane immunoglobulin . This has led to a variety of studies and speculation regarding its biological function . Based upon the effect of anti-IgD on the in vitro primary response, Cambier et al . (3) suggested that the presence of IgD on the cell surface was cri...

Human myeloma are incurable hematologic cancers of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells in bone marrow. Although malignant plasma cells can be almost eradicated from the patient's bone marrow by chemotherapy, drug-resistant myeloma precursor cells persist in an apparently cryptic compartment. Controversy exists as to whether myeloma precursor cells are hematopoietic stem cells, pre-B cells, ge...