The volatility of its share price reflects the volatility of the market value of a bank’s assets. We present data for the volatilities of individual banks’ shares that are implied by the prices of options on the banks’ shares. We present evidence that implied volatilities (IV’s) better forecast actual, future volatilities of share prices than historical volatilities do. Banks’ IV’s are correlat...

This paper looks at unobserved components models and examines the implied weighting patterns for signal extraction. There are three main themes. The rst is the implications of correlated disturbances driving the components, especially those cases in which the correlation is perfect. The second is how setting up models with t distributed disturbances leads to weighting patterns which are robust ...

Implied author and implied reader are components of a narrative structure, playing a crucial role in illuminating hidden elements within a text. Therefore, studying these elements in literary works can expose the underlying layers of narration and open up new critical outlooks to the readers. Furthermore and in cases of cinematic adaptations, it explains whether this was the novel or the film t...