We show that artificial language evolution involves the interplay of two opposing forces: pressure toward simple representations imposed by the dynamics of collective learning, and pressure towards complex representations imposed by requirements of agents’ tasks. The push-pull of these two forces results in the emergence of a language that is balanced: “simple but not too simple.” We introduce ...

Choosing a career within the military has many positive and negative factors associated with it. For instance, many recruits join as young adults when they are beginning to shape their own values, beliefs and attitudes about their self, world and others. The armed forces (AF) culture socialises these young adults, leading them to adopt military values and ideals as their own which they will pro...

“We are without allies amongst the Iraqi populace, including those who have benefited from the ouster of Saddam. . . . Across Baghdad, Latifiyah, Mahmudiyah, Salman Pak, Baqubah, Balad, Taji, Baiji, Ramadi, and just about everywhere else you can name, the people absolutely hate us. . . . The Iraqi people have not bought into what the Americans are selling, and no amount of military activity is ...

We present a numerical study of the transient acoustophoretic motion of microparticles suspended in a liquid-filled microchannel and driven by the acoustic forces arising from an imposed standing ultrasound wave: the acoustic radiation force from the scattering of sound waves on the particles and the Stokes drag force from the induced acoustic streaming flow. These forces are calculated numeric...

Running speed is limited by a mechanical interaction between the stance and swing phases of the stride. Here, we tested whether stance phase limitations are imposed by ground force maximums or foot-ground contact time minimums. We selected one-legged hopping and backward running as experimental contrasts to forward running and had seven athletic subjects complete progressive discontinuous tread...

Electromagnetic forces in power transformer windings are produced by interaction between the leakage fluxes and current passing them. Since the leakage flux distribution along the windings height is in two axial and radial directions, so the electromagnetic forces have two components, radial and axial. There is a risk that a large electromagnetic force due to the short circuit or inrush current...

Quasistatic mechanical systems are those in which mass or acceleration are sufficientlysmall that the inertial term mu in F = mu is negligible compared to dissipative forces. In roboticsquasistatic mechanics may be used for systems with friction when motions are sufficiently slow. Here weconsider a general quasistatic system with constraints and both dissipative and conservative for...

The concept and realization of family gender issues in socialist Poland was generally a contested topic. had remained core institution society—and yet, it underwent significant transformation due to changing life-style models social expectations. In the late 1960s, crisis officially acknowledged, as new expectations increasingly conflicted with shortage economic resources, systemic limitations....