The Precautionary Principle has been an increasingly important principle in international treaties since the 1980s. Through varying formulations, it states that when an activity can lead to a catastrophe for human health or the environment, measures should be taken to prevent it even if the cause-and-effect relationship is not fully established scientifically. The Precautionary Principle has be...

Listeners detected a small amount of interaural incoherence in reproducible noises with narrow bandwidths and a center frequency of 500 Hz. The durations of the noise stimuli were 100, 50, or 25 ms, and every one of the noises had the same value of interaural coherence, namely 0.992. When the nominal noise bandwidth was 14 Hz, the ability to detect incoherence was found to depend strongly on th...

The degree of incoherence, when previsions are not made in accordance with a probability measure, is measured by the rate at which an incoherent bookie can be made a sure loser. Each bet is rescaled by one of several normalizations to account for the overall sizes of bets. For each normalization, the sure loss for incoherent previsions is divided by the normalization to determine the rate of in...