despite the interest in sport and physical activities in iran, its role in spending the leisure time of various groups in the society is insignificant. therefore, the aim of this research is to study and identify the patterns of spending the leisure time with emphasize on physical activities and sport at ilam university. this study is a descriptive and a kind of field study. the statistical soc...

AIM To assess the distribution of out-of-pocket payments for health care in Croatia by income groups. METHODS The study is based on data from 1994 out-of-pocket health expenditure survey carried out through interviews of randomly selected adults in two major cities of Croatia, Zagreb and Split. We analyzed co-payments for public health care services and other payments related to private pract...

This article estimates the elasticity of participation in the workforce of married women with respect to the rate of income tax. We take advantage of the French joint income tax system and a large tax returns data base to implement a regression discontinuity design. The negative impact of tax rates on participation is generally strong. This elasticity describes a U-curve along the distribution ...

this commentary explores some of the issues raised by gilbert et al.short communication, morality and markets in the nhs. the increasing role of market mechanisms and the changing types of healthcare providers together with the use of choice and competition to drive improvements in quality in the national health service (nhs), all have important ethical implications. in order for the nhs to con...

Although evidence for the connection between health and the economy is increasing, most countries have still not been able to exploit this link fully by instituting effective public policies. However, the Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH), released in December 2001, provides governments and citizens alike with an invaluable tool for formulating more effective policies ...

The separability of consumer desires is a necessary and sufficient condition for multi-stage budgeting and Collectivization is consistent of commodity where costs are allocated between edible groups using price indices and intergroup allocations are made independently of other groups. Given the high share of Citrus fruits, Cucurbits and vegetables types (29/5% percent of household food and beve...

the air in tehran is one of the most polluted airs in the entire world. because of the air pollution in the great tehran area, morbidity, mortality and symptoms emerge. this study has been conducted for the first time in iran. according to this study the total annual direct medical costs of morbidity estimated at us$ 3258255.48.our work also led to the estimation of an income elasticity of wtp ...

The study aims to describe trends in food consumption away from home in Brazil from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 and to analyze the influence of income on this behavior. The authors used data collected by the Household Budget Surveys conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. The information analyzed in this study involves records of food and b...

This paper estimates the impact of income on the body weight and clinical weight classification of elderly Americans using a natural experiment that led otherwise identical retirees to receive significantly different Social Security payments based on their year of birth. We estimate models of instrumental variables using data from the National Health Interview Surveys and find no significant ef...

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The costs of health care are increasing worldwide. Patients are compelled to pay more for tr...