The history of the Chinese government’s more recent poverty reduction programs may be divided into three stages. During the first stage, from 1978 to 1985, the government, through higher product prices, encouraged rural households to raise agricultural output. As a result, greater agricultural output translated into increases in the incomes of farm households. Official poverty incidence decline...

This is deceptive, however, because when housing costs are considered the number of recently arrived migrant income units from non-English-speaking countries with incomes below the poverty line rises to 18 000 or 12.3. per cent, which is nearly double the overall figure of 6.7 per cent for all adult income units. On an after-housing basis these recently arrived migrants represent 6.9 per cent o...

Over the last two decades a substantial body of field research has accumulated describing characteristics of various low-level markets for illicit drugs, primarily cocaine and heroin. At least for a few American cities, a good deal is known about who retails these drugs, the size and stability of the organizations in which they work, their careers, the prices they charge, and the incomes they e...

1.0 Introduction The importance of improved export performance in increasing household incomes and reducing poverty cannot be overemphasised. The proportion of persons living in are reported to be declining over the past century, however more significantly is that in the last two decades, the numbers of people living in poverty is observed to be declining. It is reported that the number that th...

This paper studies majority voting on taxes when tax evasion is possible. We characterize the voting equilibrium where the agent with median taxed income is pivotal. Since the ranking of true incomes does not necessarily correspond to the ranking of taxed incomes, the decisive voter can differ from the median income receiver. In this case, we find unconventional patterns of redistribution, e.g....

This paper studies majority voting on taxes when tax evasion is possible. We characterize the voting equilibrium where the agent with median taxed income is pivotal. Since the ranking of true incomes does not necessarily correspond to the ranking of taxed incomes, the decisive voter can differ from the median income receiver. In this case, we find unconventional patterns of redistribution, e.g....