predators may adjust their foraging behavior according to herbivore induced plant volatiles innately or through learning. here, first we investigated whether the phytoseiid predatory mites, neoseiulus californicus and n. barkeri were innately able to respond to odors related to tetranychus urticae infested bean leaves. the naïve predator females were reared on washed t. urticae as prey on filte...

auto-inflammatory syndromes are a new group of distinct hereditable disorders characterized by episodes of seemingly unprovoked inflammation (most commonly in skin, joints, gut, and eye), the absence of a high titer of auto-antibodies or auto-reactive t cells, and an inborn error of innate immunity. a narrative literature review was carried out of studies related to auto-inflammatory syndromes ...

conclusions to date, a large number of viruses are proved to trigger innate immunity via tlrs, suggesting that these receptors are likely to be important in the outcome of viral infection. this suggestion is supported by the observation that many viruses have evolved mechanisms not only to evade the innate immune system, but also to subvert it for the benefit of the virus. materials and methods...

Neutrophils are part of the first line of immune response and are essential for resistance against a variety of pathogens. They professionally mediate direct killing of pathogens, recruit other phagocytes by specific chemokines, produce cytokines and interact with different immune cells to shape the adaptive response. Leishmania as an obligatory intracellular parasite has evolved to benefit thi...

  Introduction : The innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Interaction of bacterial PAMPs by TLRs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. FimH adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a PAMP of TLR4 tha...

insect immunity comprises behavioral, physical and innate immunity. in this study, innate immune response of the greater wax moth larvae, galleria mellonella against two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernema feltiae,   as important biocontrol agents were studied. total haemocyte count in larvae injected with h. bacteriophora increased immediately. ...