the appearance of new sciences and conflicts arising from reductionism in domain of science and knowledge, explains the necessity of interdisciplinary studies. some scientists believe the history of interdisciplinary studies is rooted in ancient greece, but in fact interdisciplinary studies started in industrial laboratories, the first center for interdisciplinary studies, about 150 years ago. ...

I was a graduate student in mathematics at Princeton immediately following World War II, 1945–1947. In those days, with veterans of the war inundating universities, there was no option but to earn a Ph.D. within two years. My thesis research was in functional analysis, an area of abstract mathematics. My mentor was Professor S. Bochner, a distinguished contributor to harmonic analysis. My class...

Nanotechnology is the study of particle sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers at least at one dimension. Particle size reduced to nanometer length scale exhibit more surface area to volume size ratio and showing unusual properties makes them enable for systematic applications in engineering, biomedical, agricultural and allied sectors. Nanomaterial can create from bottom up or top down approaches ...