one of the discourses that is considered as indisputable among the scholars of jurisprudential principles (uṣūl al-fiqh) and has not been debated sufficiently is the discourse concerning the essential authoritativeness (ḥujjiyyat) of certitude (qaṭ‘). one of the few scholars who have meticulously and attentively criticized this theory is the late imam khomeini (ra). the present research seeks t...

Analyses of public policy regularly express certitude about the consequences of alternative policy choices. Yet policy predictions often are fragile, with conclusions resting on critical unsupported assumptions or leaps of logic. Then the certitude of policy analysis is not credible. I develop a typology of incredible analytical practices and gives illustrative cases. I call the...

aims of religion are goals that the god perused in all of orders or large number of these. basis end of the aims of religion is proving the basis and general of religion to use of these to inference religious rules. it should be prove certitude of these aims to receive to this end. but because certitude of the religion aims direct relation to detection methods of their discovery, should be prov...

Simulation-based design and analysis of biotreatment systems depends to a great extent on the accuracy of the model parameters used. In many cases, site-specific parameter estimates are not available and parameter values recommended in the literature are adopted along with a measure of judgment to account for bioprocess uncertainty. To better quantify process certitude associated with this appr...

although mohaghegh khorasani has raised the impossibility of replacement of certitude as to subject by authorized conjectural proof (amara) due to the impediment of conjunction in consideration; sheikh ansari, while rejecting the replacement of certitude as to attribute, has accepted the replacement of declaratory certitude. some islamic scholars believe in classification, according to the basi...