legal terms are as heritage of civilization and arising out of social developments of nations. however, public order in international law is required in international instruments and is cited repeatedly by international tribunals and authors but still have a vague concept in practice. what is studied in this article is analyze of concept and nature of international public order in considering v...

the internet has transformed the manner of conducting commercial transactions and has created regulatory gaps. these regulatory gaps may impact the effective development of electronic commerce. attempts are being made to regulate electronic contracts both at the national and international level. the present research analyses these attempts, in particular the electronic transaction legislation o...

aliens presence in other states territory, be individually or collectively, has an ancient history and because of this, aliens presence in other state is not a unusual phenomenon. explicitly this presence entails some legal effects. aliens have minimum rights recognized by states; otherwise some discriminations may be seen in performance of this rights. nowadays by some developments in internat...

In the last 30 years legal developments at national and international levels have completely reshaped the ways in which plant genetic resources are used in global agriculture. This article explores some of the legal changes that affect access to plant germplasm. It also discusses developments that have affected and will in the future specifically impact upon the practices of international agric...

Plant Genetic Resources (PGRs) are one of the most valuable natural resources of anycountry. Biotechnology through genetic engineering of plants and the creation of new plantvarieties can increase the value of these resources. Different technical and legalmechanisms such as ex situ/in situ collection of PGRs, and Intellectual Property Rights(IPRs...

the judicial practice of the international courts and tribunals – especiallyinternational court of justice – as the most important official entities forsurveying and identifying legal rules, has always been a valuable source inthe recognition of customary international law. in the recent decades, as aresult of developments caused by improving human concepts and humanityprinciples in the interna...