The human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid consists of 360 copies of the major capsid protein, L1, arranged as 72 pentamers on a T=7 icosahedral lattice, with substoichiometric amounts of the minor capsid protein, L2. In order to understand the arrangement of L2 within the HPV virion, we have defined and biochemically characterized a domain of L2 that interacts with L1 pentamers. We utilized an in v...

pragmatic aspect of second language (l2) as a component of communicative competence has recently received more attention. many research studies have investigated the gap between native and nonnative speakers’ command of l2 pragmatics. however, development of l2 pragmatics has been the focus of few studies. in this study, how coursebooks can help both nonnative teachers and learners develop l2 p...

To determine when and how L2 learners start to process L2 words affectively and semantically, we conducted a longitudinal study on their interaction in adult L2 learners. In four test sessions, spanning half a year of L2 learning, we monitored behavioral and ERP learning-related changes for one and the same set of words by means of a primed lexical-decision paradigm with L1 primes and L2 target...

Many studies in the past decade have shown that "earlier is better" as far as learning a second language (L2) is concerned. That is, individuals who began learning their L2 in late adolescence or early adulthood ("late bilinguals") usually resemble native speakers of the L2 less than individuals who began learning their L2 in childhood ("early bilinguals") do. Early bilinguals have been shown t...

The present study identifies Russian orthography and problems with orthographic-phonological conversion as the major source of non-target reductions both in reading and spontaneous speech in the Russian interlanguage (IL) of American learners. It focuses on the role of inflectional morphology and shows that grammatical inflections have a higher rate of spelling induced reductions than the same ...

based on the controversial beliefs among l2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (cf) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of cf have drawn the attention of l2 researchers(e.g., braidi, 2002; iwashita, 2003; loewen & philp, 2006; panova & lyster, 2002; sheen, 2004). despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a cf technique. whereas...

Speech of late bilinguals has frequently been described in terms of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) from the native language (L1) to the second language (L2), but CLI from the L2 to the L1 has received relatively little attention. This article addresses L2 attainment and L1 attrition in voicing systems through measures of voice onset time (VOT) in two groups of Dutch-German late bilinguals in ...