SmartAHS is a specification, simulation, and evaluation framework for modeling, control and evaluation of Automated Highway Systems (AHS). SmartAHS is developed using SHIFT, a new programming language with simulation semantics.This paper discusses the requirements that have led to the development of SmartAHS and SHIFT, summarizes the main characteristics of the SHIFT language, and illustrates h...

This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan, a multi-ethnic country with complex ethnic settlement patterns that has switched its official state language from Russian to Kazakh. Using two newly assembled data sets, we find negative returns to speaking Kazakh and a negative effect of bilingualism on earnings while Russian...

The power of human language rests upon its intricate links to human cognition. By 3 months of age, listening to language supports infants' ability to form object categories, a building block of cognition. Moreover, infants display a systematic shift between 3 and 4 months - a shift from familiarity to novelty preferences - in their expression of this link between language and core cognitive pro...

Tree-to-string systems have gained significant popularity thanks to their simplicity and efficiency by exploring the source syntax information, but they lack in the target syntax to guarantee the grammaticality of the output. Instead of using complex tree-to-tree models, we integrate a structured language model, a left-to-right shift-reduce parser in specific, into an incremental tree-to-string...

'Language shift' is the process whereby members of a community in which more than one language is spoken abandon their original vernacular language in favour of another. The historical shifts to English by Celtic language speakers of Britain and Ireland are particularly well-studied examples for which good census data exist for the most recent 100-120 years in many areas where Celtic languages ...

shift is a new programming language, whose aim is to facilitate the implementation of reusable simulation frameworks by teams of engineers. shift incorporates system theoretic concepts emerging from the eld of Hybrid Systems analysis and modeling. The SMART AHS framework is a collection of shift libraries devoted to the construction of Hybrid System based simulation of Automated Highways System...

Second language writing instruction has been greatly influenced by the growing importance of technology and the recent shift of paradigm from a cognitive to a social orientation in second language acquisition (Lantolf & Thorne, 2006). Therefore, the applications of computer assisted language learning and activity theory have been suggested as a promising framework for writing studies. The prese...

Our Journal's tendency towards the real world in applied linguistics and literary studies should have significant epistemological and methodological consequences in researching the fields. The interest in the real world makes the problems we may have in our everyday lives our 'points of departure' in research. According to my experience of research in our universities throughout their history, ...