lapping is one of the most important polishing processes which can be used to fabricate flat and smooth surfaces. in this paper, the effect of lapping characteristics and mesh number of abrasive particles are studied on the surface roughness and flatness for the machining of hardened aisi 52100 rings. the most significant lapping characteristics are pressure, lap plate speed and time. scanning ...

The final finishing process of advanced ceramic balls used in hybrid precision bearings constitutes two thirds of the total manufacturing cost, hence the effective and economic finishing methods and processes are critical to their widespread application. A novel eccentric lapping machine is designed and manufactured, Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed) silicon nitride ball blanks (diameter 13.25 ...

This study explores the characteristics of the lapping mechanism in domestic cats (Felis catus). Using high-speed video, digital image processing, and weight measurements we quantify data pertaining to the frequency of lapping and the volume of liquid consumed per lap. These observations allow us to suggest a possible mathematical model for cat lapping. The results indicate that cats lap at a r...

Dogs lap because they have incomplete cheeks and cannot suck. When lapping, a dog's tongue pulls a liquid column from the bath, suggesting that the hydrodynamics of column formation are critical to understanding how dogs drink. We measured lapping in 19 dogs and used the results to generate a physical model of the tongue's interaction with the air-fluid interface. These experiments help to expl...

We consider two biological phenomena taking place at the air-water interface: the water lapping of felines and the water running of lizards. Although seemingly disparate motions, we show that they are intimately linked by their underlying hydrodynamics and belong to a broader class of processes called Froude mechanisms. We describe how both felines and lizards exploit inertia to defeat gravity,...

Animals have developed a range of drinking strategies depending on physiological and environmental constraints. Vertebrates with incomplete cheeks use their tongue to drink; the most common example is the lapping of cats and dogs. We show that the domestic cat (Felis catus) laps by a subtle mechanism based on water adhesion to the dorsal side of the tongue. A combined experimental and theoretic...

The finishing process of advanced ceramic balls can be divided into two steps. The first step is lapping in which most of the stock from the ball is removed at a higher material removal rate. The second step is polishing in which the required ball surface roughness, roundness, dimensional and geometric accuracy are achieved. In polishing, the abrasive particle size is ≤ 1 μm, and the load and s...

A technique has been developed to locally remove, over a distance of several millimeters of fiber length, the cladding layer of single-mode (at the 1300 nm wavelength) optical fibers with 1 pm depth precision by use of mechanical lapping and in situ optical transmission monitoring. A cylinder lap dressed with diamond is used to perform high-pressure mechanical lapping. The in situ monitoring te...

Based on no-slip cases between steel balls and lapping discs while a horizontal grinding machine is working, the motion equations of the ball lapping are established and the law of motion is revealed by the MATLAB software. This paper shows that the difference of the trace spacing is reduced by increasing the disc diameter, which can make the trace distribution of the steel ball surface more un...

The topographical evolution of a lapping plate surface during a diamond charging process was followed by analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. AFM measurements were performed in the tapping mode on several Sn–Sb alloy lapping plates containing different amounts of encrusted diamond particles on their surface. Such plates were processed under different charging times at the Lapping P...