despite the importance of hedging in academic productions, its use in different disciplines and genres has been given little attention (hyland, 1998; crystal, 1995). more precisely, the role of different genders as contributors to this social phenomenon (i.e., research articles) has been taken as neutral, as if gender is inconsequential in identity construction. the studies done in english sugg...

the objective of the present paper is to study the male and the female in the family and islamic criminal laws in terms of their legal rights. to this end, all the articles in the two collections of family & islamic criminal laws (including the most recent amendments) published in the year 2000 which are related to private and public law were chosen and they were subjected to content analysis. ...

An ethical analysis of Jordan's Clinical Research Law, which became effective in 2001, was performed. Accordingly, this paper discusses the major components, key strengths and weaknesses of this law. As an initial effort, the Law addresses important aspects of research ethics and, hence, should serve as an example for other Arab Countries in the Middle East. Unique aspects of the Law include th...

The citations to a set of academic articles are typically unevenly shared, with many articles attracting few citations and few attracting many. It is important to know more precisely how citations are distributed in order to help statistical analyses of citations, especially for sets of articles from a single discipline and a small range of years, as normally used for research evaluation. This ...

Although statistical models fit many citation data sets reasonably well with the best fitting models being the hooked power law and discretised lognormal distribution, the fits are rarely close. One possible reason is that there might be more uncited articles than would be predicted by any model if some articles are inherently uncitable. Using data from 23 different Scopus categories, this arti...