amara in jurisprudential sources is said to any evidence which indicate the fact. indication is not definitively in the sight of foghaha and osooliyeen, but due to the prevailing conjecture which can be achieved from that evidence. witnesses’ testimony (bayyinah) as valid evidence in the jurisprudence and law is known as an “amara” in the sight of jurists witch its validity is from legislator. ...

this research considers the subject of supervision and protection of family and expresses the islamic jurisprudence point of view in this regard. the followings are inferred from the jurisprudential reasons: a. terms such as ghavvam, ghayyem (custodian), raei (protector) that are used in reasons, express that in islamic point of view, superiority and protection of family mean to protect one’s w...

in some cases, the speech of complainant is accepted withoutwitness. anything that is known only by the claims his claiming isaccepted without witness. this famous principle has applications invarias puertas of jurisprudente suche as contracte, marriage,divorce and zakat. traditions, wise approach, induction, arguingand like this can prove it. sometimes declining the speech ofcomplainant create...

Summary The politeia established in Athens 317 after a covenant between Cassander and Demetrius of Phalerum was variously described by ancient authors as tyranny, an oligarchy, democracy. Even among modern scholars there is no agreement about its definition. A close study the architecture so-called regime comparison with almost contemporary constitution Cyrene, imposed on African town Ptolemaeu...

lawgiver, for the purpose of penal supporting of national historical-cultural monuments, ratified repeated article 566 of islamic penal code in 1388; which demonstrates three actions of “making fake cases”, “introducing, carrying or storing” and “buying of historical-cultural monuments” as crimes. this criminalizing was necessary and advantageous, but the procedure of criminalizing has some wea...

Abstract In 594 BCE, the Athenian lawgiver Solon, called upon to resolve a deepening social crisis, introduced new constitution and mandated that in civil conflicts, no citizen is remain apathetic must take sides. Because law seemed support strife, it presents puzzle. The paper offers political economy rationale for Solon’s against neutrality, modeling conflict as rent-seeking competition. We d...