Thermodynamics is the branch of science that is concerned with the principles of energy transformation in macroscopic systems. Macroscopic properties of matter arise from the behavior of a very large number of molecules. Thermodynamics is based upon experiment and observation, summarized and generalized in the Laws of Thermodynamics. These laws are not derivable from any other principle: they a...

BACKGROUND: It is commonly held that "a calorie is a calorie", i.e. that diets of equal caloric content will result in identical weight change independent of macronutrient composition, and appeal is frequently made to the laws of thermodynamics. We have previously shown that thermodynamics does not support such a view and that diets of different macronutrient content may be expected to induce d...

The transition from the superconducting to normal state in a magnetic field was considered as irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933 because of Joule heating. But all physicists became consider this reversible after obvious contradiction Meissner effect with second law thermodynamics if is process. In order avoid thermodynamics, postulated thirties last century that surface screening cu...

The Nernst formulation of the third law of ordinary thermodynamics (often referred to as the “Nernst theorem”) asserts that the entropy, S, of a system must go to zero (or a “universal constant”) as its temperature, T , goes to zero. This assertion is commonly considered to be a fundamental law of thermodynamics. As such, it seems to spoil the otherwise perfect analogy between the ordinary laws...

Thermodynamics is a highly successful macroscopic theory widely used across the natural sciences and for the construction of everyday devices, from car engines to solar cells. With thermodynamics predating quantum theory, research now aims to uncover the thermodynamic laws that govern finite size systems which may in addition host quantum effects. Recent theoretical breakthroughs include the ch...