The congruence coefficient was first introduced by Burt (1948) under the name of unadjusted correlation as a measure of the similarity of two factorial configurations. The name congruence coefficient was later tailored by Tucker (1951, see also Harman, 1976). The congruence coefficient is also sometimes called a monotonicity coefficient (Borg & Groenen, 1997, p. 203). The congruence coefficient...

This paper investigates the interactions between preemptive competition and leverage. We find that the second mover always leaves the duopoly market before the first mover, although the leader may exit before the follower’s entry. We also see the leverage effects of debt financing increasing firm values and accelerating investment, even in the presence of preemptive competition. In addition to ...

This paper argues that trade liberalization has a potentially significant impact on financial leverage. We compare the predictions of the trade-off model of capital structure with the pecking order model. In the first case, we suggest that trade liberalization affects the trade-off between the tax advantages of debt and expected bankruptcy costs. This implies that a reduction in domestic tariff...

Business intelligence based on data mining has been one of the popular and indispensable tools for identifying business opportunity in sales and marketing of new products. The traditional data mining methods based on association rules may be inadequate in completely uncovering the hidden patterns of sales based on transaction records. This paper presents a qualitative correlation coefficient mi...

The congruence between two configurations of points quantifies their similarity. The configurations to be compared are, in general, produced by factor analytic methods which decompose an “observations by variables” data matrix and produce one set of factor scores for the observations and one set of factor scores (i.e., the “loadings”) for the variables. The congruence between two sets of factor...