on the basis of discourse grammar (dg), this study investigates the expression of  yæ'ni in persian. the term was originally borrowed from arabic and has undergone the process of grammaticalization. it exhibits different pragmatic functions to characterize changes involved in the evolution of this discourse marker. the study suggests that grammaticalization of yæ'ni should be analyzed...

OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to give a more precise estimation of the efficacy and drawbacks of total gastrectomy (TG) versus subtotal gastrectomy (SG) for proven distal gastric cancer. METHODS The electronic databases Cochrane and PubMed (updated on April 10, 2016) were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing TG with SG as surgical p...

1 Let (R, +, ·) be a ring and G a semigroup. Throughout this problem let h, l, m, n vary in G unless clearly fixed. From 3.1.7, we have the semigroup ring (R[G], +, ∗) of G over R with the well-defined multiplicative operation ∗ : R[G]×R[G] → R[G], (rg)g∈G ∗ (sg)g∈G → (tg)g∈G, where tg = ∑ hl=g rh · sl. Note that we are using ∗ to emphasize when the multiplication is in R[G]. (a) We will show t...

OBJECTIVE Arthritis is associated with increased articular formation of nitrotyrosine, which may contribute to injury. Nitrotyrosine is formed by nitration of tyrosine by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite, the formation of which may be enhanced by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), since it can generate nitric oxide from nitrite/nitrate, and superoxide during xanthine metabolism. We h...

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity in adolescence is related to body fat accumulation, which apparently can increase the probability of onset and development of metabolic changes. OBJECTIVE To verify the predisposition to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with different levels of energy expenditure. METHODS A total of 108 young men and 132 young women aged between 12 and 16 years were ...

AIM To examine the changes of the ghrelin/ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) axis and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the hypothalamus after sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS A total of 30 obese type-2 diabetes Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 6 wk of age, fed with high-sugar and high-fat fodder for 2 mo plus intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into three gr...

We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy on weight control by different bariatric surgeries and investigate the ghrelin and obestatin changes after these surgeries in obesity and nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Obese rats were randomly assigned to receive sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 8), minigastric bypass (MGBP, n = 8), roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP, n = 8), and sham opera...

STUDY OBJECTIVES In 1996, researchers in Sweden initiated a collaborative randomized study comparing lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) and physical training with physical training alone. The primary end point was health status; secondary end points included survival and physiologic measurements. DESIGN After an initial 6-week physical training program, researchers' patients were randomized...