background and objectives: involvement of lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in the most cancers, including colorectal cancer. in the recent years, invasion to blood and lymphatic vessels has been shown to predict involvement of lymph nodes and the number of involved nodes has been less studied issue. the aim of this study was determination of the relationship between the size of col...

endometrial cancer generally carries a good prognosis. endometrial carcinoma more frequently metastasizes to the pelvic and para-aortic nodes. visceral metastases usually occur in the vagina and ovaries. distant metastases involve lungs and occur as a terminal event. this case report describes vulvalar metastasis of endometrial cancer to the clitoris. metastatic tumors of the vulva are rare. mo...

Heterogeneity is one of the recognized characteristics of human tumors, and occurs on multiple levels in a wide range of tumors. A number of studies have focused on the heterogeneity found in primary tumors and related metastases with the consideration that the evaluation of metastatic rather than primary sites could be of clinical relevance. Nume...

Lymphatic metastasis is the major metastatic pattern of pancreatic cancer and considered as an independent risk factor of survival. However, there is still no effective way for the diagnosis and treatment for lymphatic metastases of pancreatic cancer. In this study, using albumin as a carrier of gemcitabine (Gem), further modified by pyropheophorbide-a, we have designed and synthesized a nanopa...

Background and Objectives: Involvement of lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in the most cancers, including colorectal cancer. In the recent years, invasion to blood and lymphatic vessels has been shown to predict involvement of lymph nodes and the number of involved nodes has been less studied issue. The aim of this study was determination of the relationship between the size of col...

Cancer cells escape a tumor by two primary routes—blood vessels and lymphatic vessels—to establish distant metastases. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that blocking the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) will inhibit hematogenic and lymphogenic metastases, respectively. An impressive array of preclinical studies has demonstrated prevent...

Cancer cells escape a tumor by two primary routes—blood vessels and lymphatic vessels—to establish distant metastases. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that blocking the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) will inhibit hematogenic and lymphogenic metastases, respectively. An impressive array of preclinical studies has demonstrated prevent...

Metastases are commonly found in the lymphatic system. The molecular mechanism of lymphatic metastasis is, however, poorly understood. Here we report that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A stimulated lymphangiogenesis in vivo and that overexpression of VEGF-A in murine T241 fibrosarcomas induced the growth of peritumoral lymphatic vessels, which occasionally penetrated into the tumor ...

PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C promotes the ingrowth and invasion of lymphatics in many different tumor types, including melanoma. To determine whether expression of VEGF-C correlates with stage of progression, we measured VEGF-C mRNA levels in melanomas representing different stages of progression and from the vertical and horizontal growth-phase of individual primary mela...

The spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to regional lymph nodes is often associated with reduced survival. One prevailing model to explain this association posits that fatal, distant metastases are seeded by lymph node metastases. This view provides a mechanistic basis for the TNM staging system and is the rationale for surgical resection of tumor-draining lymph nodes. Here we examine th...