this paper will examine how muslim intellectuals, as a result of their attachment to the doctrine of divine unity (taw¤hīd), the quran, sunnah of the prophet muhammad, and the doctrines and methods of sufism, were largely responsible for the restating of the perennial philosophy in the west in the twentieth century. the article consists of four sections: an introduction to the term 'philos...

Personal bankruptcy Ž lings have risen from 0.3 percent of households per year in 1984 to around 1.35 percent in 1998 and 1999, transforming bankruptcy from a rare occurrence to a routine event. Lenders lost about $39 billion in 1998 due to personal bankruptcy Ž lings. But economists have little understanding of why households Ž le for bankruptcy or why Ž lings have increased so rapidly. Until ...

Tasavvuf ilminin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki konumuna ve gelişim seyrine bakıldığında, din bilimleri arasında sürekli meşruiyet sorunuyla gündeme geldiği görülmektedir. Bu birlikte tasavvufun mahiyetine ilişkin merak artmış, İslam âlimleri birçok düşünür tarafından bu merakı gidermek amacıyla tanımına, kapsamına çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. sorunu çözme gayretinde olan özellikle Batı'daki ta...

I want to thank my supervisor, Martin Grohe, for his patience, many illuminative discussions and for encouraging me to develop questions of my own. I would like to thank Dzifa Ametowobla for supporting me throughout this work especially by reading several parts of it and helping me greatly with the design. Furthermore, I am indebted to Bettina Hepp and Kay Thurley for helpful comments on earlie...

Later on in [2], Grekos refined the previous results, in some cases, by introducing the infimum of the radii of curvature r(Γ ) of the curve. He succeeded in showing an upper bound of the shape N(Γ ) l(Γ )r(Γ )−1/3 and conversely constructed a family of curves Γ0 with N(Γ0) l(Γ0)r(Γ0)−1/3. Naturally, Grekos’ results suppose that the curve has at least C2-regularity. In fact, this is the maximal...

We answer a question of Golumbic, Monma and Trotter by constructing proper tolerance graphs that are not unit tolerance graphs. An infinite family of graphs that are minimal in this respect is specified.